Friction and Wear Performance of Lubricants Formulated with Palm Kernel Methyl Ester and Polymeric Additives in Hydrogen-Fuelled Engines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jtse.v12.246Keywords:
Palm kernel methyl ester, Hydrogen engine, Viscosity improver, Bio-lubricant.Abstract
The transition to sustainable fuels and lubricants is critical in supporting the advancement of hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ICEs). Bio-lubricants derived from vegetable oils, such as palm kernel methyl ester (PKME), offer environmental advantages including renewability, biodegradability, and high lubricity. However, their inherently low viscosity poses challenges in demanding engine applications. This study investigates the use of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer as a viscosity index improver (VII) in PKME-based lubricants for potential use in H₂ICEs. Tribological performance was evaluated using a four-ball tribotester and a modified pin-on-disc tester at varying EVA concentrations (2–4%), loads, and temperatures. The addition of 4% EVA enhanced the viscosity index of PKME by 61% and improved friction-reducing capabilities compared to SAE 40 mineral oil. While wear resistance remains slightly inferior, the frictional improvements indicate promising potential for PKME-EVA blends in hydrogen engine lubrication. Further formulation optimization is recommended to enhance anti-wear performance for reliable H₂ICE operation.
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